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71.
Rapid climate changes at the onset of the last deglaciation and during Heinrich Event H4 were studied in detail at IMAGES cores MD95-2039 and MD95-2040 from the Western Iberian margin. A major reorganisation of surface water hydrography, benthic foraminiferal community structure, and deepwater isotopic composition commenced already 540 years before the Last Isotopic Maximum (LIM) at 17.43 cal. ka and within 670 years affected all environments. Changes were initiated by meltwater spill in the Nordic Seas and northern North Atlantic that commenced 100 years before concomitant changes were felt off western Iberia. Benthic foraminiferal associations record the drawdown of deepwater oxygenation during meltwater and subsequent Heinrich Events H1 and H4 with a bloom of dysoxic species. At a water depth of 3380 m, benthic oxygen isotopes depict the influence of brines from sea ice formation during ice-rafting pulses and meltwater spill. The brines conceivably were a source of ventilation and provided oxygen to the deeper water masses. Some if not most of the lower deep water came from the South Atlantic. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages display a multi-centennial, approximately 300-year periodicity of oxygen supply at 2470-m water depth. This pattern suggests a probable influence of atmospheric oscillations on the thermohaline convection with frequencies similar to Holocene climate variations. For Heinrich Events H1 and H4, response times of surface water properties off western Iberia to meltwater injection to the Nordic Seas were extremely short, in the range of a few decades only. The ensuing reduction of deepwater ventilation commenced within 500–600 years after the first onset of meltwater spill. These fast temporal responses lend credence to numerical simulations that indicate ocean–climate responses on similar and even faster time scales. 相似文献
72.
Mark S. Fonseca Joseph C. Zieman Gordon W. Thayer John S. Fisher 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1983,17(4):367-380
Measurements of velocity profiles, bathymetry, and surface sediment characteristics across eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) meadows yielded information on community development processes and functional attributes of this ecosystem. Height/length ratios of the meadows were positively correlated with tidal current velocity. Low, medium, and high current regimes were separated by surface current velocities of approximately 50 and 90 cm s?1. Z. marina can tolerate approximately 120–150 cm/sec current velocities in the areas studied. Per cent silt-clay and organic matter content of the surface sediments are negatively associated with shear velocity, suggesting that meadows in high current areas are sources while meadows in low current areas are sinks of autochthonous detritus. Current velocity maintains seagrass meadows at different equilibrium levels (relative climaxes). We theorize these different equilibrium levels provide unequal habitat utilization potentials for the associated faunal community. 相似文献
73.
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75.
Abascal AJ Castanedo S Medina R Losada IJ Alvarez-Fanjul E 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(2):238-248
In this work, the benefits of high-frequency (HF) radar currents for oil spill modeling and trajectory analysis of floating objects are analyzed. The HF radar performance is evaluated by means of comparison between a drifter buoy trajectory and the one simulated using a Lagrangian trajectory model. A methodology to optimize the transport model performance and to calculate the search area of the predicted positions is proposed. This method is applied to data collected during the Galicia HF Radar Experience. This experiment was carried out to explore the capabilities of this technology for operational monitoring along the Spanish coast. Two long-range HF radar stations were installed and operated between November 2005 and February 2006 on the Galician coast. In addition, a drifter buoy was released inside the coverage area of the radar. The HF radar currents, as well as numerical wind data were used to simulate the buoy trajectory using the TESEO oil spill transport model. In order to evaluate the contribution of HF radar currents to trajectory analysis, two simulation alternatives were carried out. In the first one, wind data were used to simulate the motion of the buoy. In the second alternative, surface currents from the HF radar were also taken into account. For each alternative, the model was calibrated by means of the global optimization algorithm SCEM-UA (Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis) in order to obtain the probability density function of the model parameters. The buoy trajectory was computed for 24 h intervals using a Monte Carlo approach based on the results provided in the calibration process. A bivariate kernel estimator was applied to determine the 95% confidence areas. The analysis performed showed that simulated trajectories integrating HF radar currents are more accurate than those obtained considering only wind numerical data. After a 24 h period, the error in the final simulated position improves using HF radar currents. Averaging the information from all the simulated daily periods, the mean search and rescue area calculated using HF radar currents, is reduced by approximately a 62% in comparison with the search area calculated without these data. These results show the positive contribution of HF radar currents for trajectory analysis, and demonstrate that these data combined with atmospheric forecast models, are of value for trajectory analysis of oil spills or floating objects. 相似文献
76.
The evolution of the current sheet in the electric current direction (in the guiding magnetic field direction) is studied
numerically in the 3-D particle-in-cell model with two current sheets and periodic boundary conditions. In the regime with
(where v
D and
are the electric current drift and electron thermal velocities, respectively) the current sheets are unstable owing to the
Buneman and kink instabilities and become strongly fragmented. During their evolution, in addition to an increase of the energy
of the electric field component in the guiding magnetic field direction, the energies of the electric field components in
the perpendicular direction are even more enhanced. In the current sheet the anomalous resistivity (η
anom/η
C∼7×105, where η
C is the classical resistivity) is generated and thus the magnetic field dissipates. Most of the dissipated magnetic energy
is transformed into the electron kinetic energy in the direction of the electric current. The associated electric field accelerates
the electrons from the tail of the distribution function. 相似文献
77.
78.
所讨论的电磁场频率介于传统的低频电磁法和雷达频率之间。在这个频率范围内,传导电流和位移电流都是不可忽略的。采用高密度采样算法计算水平层状磁偶线圈模型的电磁响应,通过对归一化的电磁响应在不同地电情况的模拟,比较分析了高频电磁场响应特征以及位移电流对高频电磁响应的贡献。 相似文献
79.
地闪回击电流是雷电的一个重要特征参数。其测量数据的积累对于雷电防护技术的提高具有重要意义。目前国内外的雷电研究人员通过矮塔、高塔直接观测,人工引雷观测和电场电流关系反衍的方法对地闪回击电流进行了大量的观测研究,并取得了丰富的观测资料。观测表明,负地闪首次回击电流平均为30kA,继后回击电流平均12kA。正地闪回击电流平均为35kA,有时可达几百kA。不同地区地闪回击电流平均值略有不同。高塔测量是主要的雷电流参量直接测量方法,但不同高度测量的地闪回击电流无论峰值还是波形都存在一定的差异。人工引发闪电和自然闪电继后回击雷电流的测量结果较为一致。间接估测雷电流参数的方法随着地闪回击模式的发展将成为主要的方法之一。 相似文献
80.